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Subject[PATCH 3/5] backing-dev: replace private thread pool with workqueue
Date
bdi writeback has been using a private thread pool.  Now that
workqueue can provide flexible concurrency, drop the dedicated thread
pool and use workqueue instead.

bdi_writeback->task and ->wakeup_timer are replaced with ->work and
->timer. A separate timer is used instead of delayed_work because
mixing immediate and delayed queueing doesn't work too well with
delayed_work.

bdi_wq is added to execute bdi_writeback->work. It's an unbound
freezeable workqueue w/ a rescuer. As the thread pool is now managed
by the workqueue code, the special forker thread is no longer
necessary and removed along with bdi_forker_thread().

The work function for bdi_writeback->work is bdi_work_fn() and mostly
equivalent to a single iteration of bdi_writeback_thread() - IOW, it
calls wb_do_writeback() until bdi->work_list is exhausted and
reschedules itself if there is dirty data to write out.

One special provision is that the writeback work doesn't run
bdi->worklist if it's being executed from the rescuer. Instead, it
just calls bdi_flush_io() and reschedules itself if necessary. This
basically is the same behavior as bdi_forker_thread()'s when it failed
to create a thread for a pending bdi. Writebacks are issued but not
waited upon so that other bdi's have a chance to clean and free
memory.

Trace points which make sense without change are preserved. The next
patch will fix up the rest.

bdi_wakeup_thread_delayed() is renamed to bdi_delayed_writeback().

Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
---
fs/fs-writeback.c | 91 ++--------------
include/linux/backing-dev.h | 17 +--
mm/backing-dev.c | 249 ++++++++++---------------------------------
3 files changed, 72 insertions(+), 285 deletions(-)

diff --git a/fs/fs-writeback.c b/fs/fs-writeback.c
index 7d9d06b..1e9b807 100644
--- a/fs/fs-writeback.c
+++ b/fs/fs-writeback.c
@@ -78,16 +78,7 @@ static void bdi_queue_work(struct backing_dev_info *bdi,

spin_lock_bh(&bdi->wb_lock);
list_add_tail(&work->list, &bdi->work_list);
- if (bdi->wb.task) {
- wake_up_process(bdi->wb.task);
- } else {
- /*
- * The bdi thread isn't there, wake up the forker thread which
- * will create and run it.
- */
- trace_writeback_nothread(bdi, work);
- wake_up_process(default_backing_dev_info.wb.task);
- }
+ queue_work(bdi_wq, &bdi->wb.work);
spin_unlock_bh(&bdi->wb_lock);
}

@@ -99,14 +90,12 @@ __bdi_start_writeback(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, long nr_pages,

/*
* This is WB_SYNC_NONE writeback, so if allocation fails just
- * wakeup the thread for old dirty data writeback
+ * queue the work for old dirty data writeback.
*/
work = kzalloc(sizeof(*work), GFP_ATOMIC);
if (!work) {
- if (bdi->wb.task) {
- trace_writeback_nowork(bdi);
- wake_up_process(bdi->wb.task);
- }
+ trace_writeback_nowork(bdi);
+ queue_work(bdi_wq, &bdi->wb.work);
return;
}

@@ -773,70 +762,6 @@ long wb_do_writeback(struct bdi_writeback *wb, int force_wait)
}

/*
- * Handle writeback of dirty data for the device backed by this bdi. Also
- * wakes up periodically and does kupdated style flushing.
- */
-int bdi_writeback_thread(void *data)
-{
- struct bdi_writeback *wb = data;
- struct backing_dev_info *bdi = wb->bdi;
- long pages_written;
-
- current->flags |= PF_FLUSHER | PF_SWAPWRITE;
- set_freezable();
- wb->last_active = jiffies;
-
- /*
- * Our parent may run at a different priority, just set us to normal
- */
- set_user_nice(current, 0);
-
- trace_writeback_thread_start(bdi);
-
- while (!kthread_should_stop()) {
- /*
- * Remove own delayed wake-up timer, since we are already awake
- * and we'll take care of the preriodic write-back.
- */
- del_timer(&wb->wakeup_timer);
-
- pages_written = wb_do_writeback(wb, 0);
-
- trace_writeback_pages_written(pages_written);
-
- if (pages_written)
- wb->last_active = jiffies;
-
- set_current_state(TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE);
- if (!list_empty(&bdi->work_list)) {
- __set_current_state(TASK_RUNNING);
- continue;
- }
-
- if (wb_has_dirty_io(wb) && dirty_writeback_interval)
- schedule_timeout(msecs_to_jiffies(dirty_writeback_interval * 10));
- else {
- /*
- * We have nothing to do, so can go sleep without any
- * timeout and save power. When a work is queued or
- * something is made dirty - we will be woken up.
- */
- schedule();
- }
-
- try_to_freeze();
- }
-
- /* Flush any work that raced with us exiting */
- if (!list_empty(&bdi->work_list))
- wb_do_writeback(wb, 1);
-
- trace_writeback_thread_stop(bdi);
- return 0;
-}
-
-
-/*
* Start writeback of `nr_pages' pages. If `nr_pages' is zero, write back
* the whole world.
*/
@@ -911,7 +836,7 @@ void __mark_inode_dirty(struct inode *inode, int flags)
{
struct super_block *sb = inode->i_sb;
struct backing_dev_info *bdi = NULL;
- bool wakeup_bdi = false;
+ bool delayed_wb = false;

/*
* Don't do this for I_DIRTY_PAGES - that doesn't actually
@@ -978,7 +903,7 @@ void __mark_inode_dirty(struct inode *inode, int flags)
* write-back happens later.
*/
if (!wb_has_dirty_io(&bdi->wb))
- wakeup_bdi = true;
+ delayed_wb = true;
}

inode->dirtied_when = jiffies;
@@ -988,8 +913,8 @@ void __mark_inode_dirty(struct inode *inode, int flags)
out:
spin_unlock(&inode_lock);

- if (wakeup_bdi)
- bdi_wakeup_thread_delayed(bdi);
+ if (delayed_wb)
+ bdi_delayed_writeback(bdi);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__mark_inode_dirty);

diff --git a/include/linux/backing-dev.h b/include/linux/backing-dev.h
index 97842ab..ebeed5b 100644
--- a/include/linux/backing-dev.h
+++ b/include/linux/backing-dev.h
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@
#include <linux/proportions.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
-#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/timer.h>
+#include <linux/workqueue.h>
#include <linux/writeback.h>
#include <asm/atomic.h>

@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ struct dentry;
* Bits in backing_dev_info.state
*/
enum bdi_state {
- BDI_pending, /* On its way to being activated */
BDI_wb_alloc, /* Default embedded wb allocated */
BDI_async_congested, /* The async (write) queue is getting full */
BDI_sync_congested, /* The sync queue is getting full */
@@ -49,10 +48,9 @@ struct bdi_writeback {
struct backing_dev_info *bdi; /* our parent bdi */

unsigned long last_old_flush; /* last old data flush */
- unsigned long last_active; /* last time bdi thread was active */

- struct task_struct *task; /* writeback thread */
- struct timer_list wakeup_timer; /* used for delayed bdi thread wakeup */
+ struct work_struct work; /* writeback work */
+ struct timer_list timer; /* used for delayed bdi execution */
struct list_head b_dirty; /* dirty inodes */
struct list_head b_io; /* parked for writeback */
struct list_head b_more_io; /* parked for more writeback */
@@ -103,13 +101,13 @@ void bdi_unregister(struct backing_dev_info *bdi);
int bdi_setup_and_register(struct backing_dev_info *, char *, unsigned int);
void bdi_start_writeback(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, long nr_pages);
void bdi_start_background_writeback(struct backing_dev_info *bdi);
-int bdi_writeback_thread(void *data);
int bdi_has_dirty_io(struct backing_dev_info *bdi);
void bdi_arm_supers_timer(void);
-void bdi_wakeup_thread_delayed(struct backing_dev_info *bdi);
+void bdi_delayed_writeback(struct backing_dev_info *bdi);

extern spinlock_t bdi_lock;
extern struct list_head bdi_list;
+extern struct workqueue_struct *bdi_wq;

static inline int wb_has_dirty_io(struct bdi_writeback *wb)
{
@@ -308,11 +306,6 @@ static inline bool bdi_cap_swap_backed(struct backing_dev_info *bdi)
return bdi->capabilities & BDI_CAP_SWAP_BACKED;
}

-static inline bool bdi_cap_flush_forker(struct backing_dev_info *bdi)
-{
- return bdi == &default_backing_dev_info;
-}
-
static inline bool mapping_cap_writeback_dirty(struct address_space *mapping)
{
return bdi_cap_writeback_dirty(mapping->backing_dev_info);
diff --git a/mm/backing-dev.c b/mm/backing-dev.c
index eaa4a5b..e874916 100644
--- a/mm/backing-dev.c
+++ b/mm/backing-dev.c
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ static struct class *bdi_class;
DEFINE_SPINLOCK(bdi_lock);
LIST_HEAD(bdi_list);
LIST_HEAD(bdi_pending_list);
+struct workqueue_struct *bdi_wq;

static struct task_struct *sync_supers_tsk;
static struct timer_list sync_supers_timer;
@@ -234,6 +235,10 @@ static int __init default_bdi_init(void)
{
int err;

+ bdi_wq = alloc_workqueue("bdi",
+ WQ_UNBOUND | WQ_FREEZEABLE | WQ_RESCUER, 0);
+ BUG_ON(!bdi_wq);
+
sync_supers_tsk = kthread_run(bdi_sync_supers, NULL, "sync_supers");
BUG_ON(IS_ERR(sync_supers_tsk));

@@ -305,24 +310,11 @@ static void sync_supers_timer_fn(unsigned long unused)
bdi_arm_supers_timer();
}

-static void wakeup_timer_fn(unsigned long data)
+static void bdi_timer_fn(unsigned long data)
{
struct backing_dev_info *bdi = (struct backing_dev_info *)data;

- spin_lock_bh(&bdi->wb_lock);
- if (bdi->wb.task) {
- trace_writeback_wake_thread(bdi);
- wake_up_process(bdi->wb.task);
- } else {
- /*
- * When bdi tasks are inactive for long time, they are killed.
- * In this case we have to wake-up the forker thread which
- * should create and run the bdi thread.
- */
- trace_writeback_wake_forker_thread(bdi);
- wake_up_process(default_backing_dev_info.wb.task);
- }
- spin_unlock_bh(&bdi->wb_lock);
+ queue_work(bdi_wq, &bdi->wb.work);
}

/*
@@ -336,165 +328,56 @@ static void wakeup_timer_fn(unsigned long data)
* fast-path (used by '__mark_inode_dirty()'), so we save few context switches
* by delaying the wake-up.
*/
-void bdi_wakeup_thread_delayed(struct backing_dev_info *bdi)
+void bdi_delayed_writeback(struct backing_dev_info *bdi)
{
unsigned long timeout;

timeout = msecs_to_jiffies(dirty_writeback_interval * 10);
- mod_timer(&bdi->wb.wakeup_timer, jiffies + timeout);
+ mod_timer(&bdi->wb.timer, jiffies + timeout);
}

/*
- * Calculate the longest interval (jiffies) bdi threads are allowed to be
- * inactive.
+ * Handles writeback of dirty data for the device backed by this bdi.
+ * Also schedules itself periodically for kupdated style flushing.
*/
-static unsigned long bdi_longest_inactive(void)
+static void bdi_work_fn(struct work_struct *work)
{
- unsigned long interval;
+ struct bdi_writeback *wb =
+ container_of(work, struct bdi_writeback, work);
+ struct backing_dev_info *bdi = wb->bdi;
+ long pages_written;

- interval = msecs_to_jiffies(dirty_writeback_interval * 10);
- return max(5UL * 60 * HZ, interval);
-}
+ WARN(!test_bit(BDI_registered, &bdi->state),
+ "bdi %p/%s is not registered!\n", bdi, bdi->name);

-static int bdi_forker_thread(void *ptr)
-{
- struct bdi_writeback *me = ptr;
+ /*
+ * Remove own delayed timer, since we are already running and
+ * we'll take care of the periodic write-back.
+ */
+ del_timer(&wb->timer);

current->flags |= PF_FLUSHER | PF_SWAPWRITE;
- set_freezable();

/*
- * Our parent may run at a different priority, just set us to normal
+ * Writeback works might block and we don't want to hog the
+ * rescuer. If we are running off the rescuer, skip works,
+ * fire off writebacks and yield to other bdi's.
*/
- set_user_nice(current, 0);
-
- for (;;) {
- struct task_struct *task = NULL;
- struct backing_dev_info *bdi;
- enum {
- NO_ACTION, /* Nothing to do */
- FORK_THREAD, /* Fork bdi thread */
- KILL_THREAD, /* Kill inactive bdi thread */
- } action = NO_ACTION;
-
- /*
- * Temporary measure, we want to make sure we don't see
- * dirty data on the default backing_dev_info
- */
- if (wb_has_dirty_io(me) || !list_empty(&me->bdi->work_list)) {
- del_timer(&me->wakeup_timer);
- wb_do_writeback(me, 0);
- }
-
- spin_lock_bh(&bdi_lock);
- set_current_state(TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE);
-
- list_for_each_entry(bdi, &bdi_list, bdi_list) {
- bool have_dirty_io;
-
- if (!bdi_cap_writeback_dirty(bdi) ||
- bdi_cap_flush_forker(bdi))
- continue;
-
- WARN(!test_bit(BDI_registered, &bdi->state),
- "bdi %p/%s is not registered!\n", bdi, bdi->name);
-
- have_dirty_io = !list_empty(&bdi->work_list) ||
- wb_has_dirty_io(&bdi->wb);
-
- /*
- * If the bdi has work to do, but the thread does not
- * exist - create it.
- */
- if (!bdi->wb.task && have_dirty_io) {
- /*
- * Set the pending bit - if someone will try to
- * unregister this bdi - it'll wait on this bit.
- */
- set_bit(BDI_pending, &bdi->state);
- action = FORK_THREAD;
- break;
- }
-
- spin_lock(&bdi->wb_lock);
-
- /*
- * If there is no work to do and the bdi thread was
- * inactive long enough - kill it. The wb_lock is taken
- * to make sure no-one adds more work to this bdi and
- * wakes the bdi thread up.
- */
- if (bdi->wb.task && !have_dirty_io &&
- time_after(jiffies, bdi->wb.last_active +
- bdi_longest_inactive())) {
- task = bdi->wb.task;
- bdi->wb.task = NULL;
- spin_unlock(&bdi->wb_lock);
- set_bit(BDI_pending, &bdi->state);
- action = KILL_THREAD;
- break;
- }
- spin_unlock(&bdi->wb_lock);
- }
- spin_unlock_bh(&bdi_lock);
-
- /* Keep working if default bdi still has things to do */
- if (!list_empty(&me->bdi->work_list))
- __set_current_state(TASK_RUNNING);
-
- switch (action) {
- case FORK_THREAD:
- __set_current_state(TASK_RUNNING);
- task = kthread_run(bdi_writeback_thread, &bdi->wb, "flush-%s",
- dev_name(bdi->dev));
- if (IS_ERR(task)) {
- /*
- * If thread creation fails, force writeout of
- * the bdi from the thread.
- */
- bdi_flush_io(bdi);
- } else {
- /*
- * The spinlock makes sure we do not lose
- * wake-ups when racing with 'bdi_queue_work()'.
- */
- spin_lock_bh(&bdi->wb_lock);
- bdi->wb.task = task;
- spin_unlock_bh(&bdi->wb_lock);
- }
- break;
-
- case KILL_THREAD:
- __set_current_state(TASK_RUNNING);
- kthread_stop(task);
- break;
-
- case NO_ACTION:
- if (!wb_has_dirty_io(me) || !dirty_writeback_interval)
- /*
- * There are no dirty data. The only thing we
- * should now care about is checking for
- * inactive bdi threads and killing them. Thus,
- * let's sleep for longer time, save energy and
- * be friendly for battery-driven devices.
- */
- schedule_timeout(bdi_longest_inactive());
- else
- schedule_timeout(msecs_to_jiffies(dirty_writeback_interval * 10));
- try_to_freeze();
- /* Back to the main loop */
- continue;
- }
-
- /*
- * Clear pending bit and wakeup anybody waiting to tear us down.
- */
- clear_bit(BDI_pending, &bdi->state);
- smp_mb__after_clear_bit();
- wake_up_bit(&bdi->state, BDI_pending);
+ if (likely(!workqueue_on_rescuer(bdi_wq))) {
+ do {
+ pages_written = wb_do_writeback(wb, 0);
+ trace_writeback_pages_written(pages_written);
+ } while (!list_empty(&bdi->work_list));
+ } else {
+ bdi_flush_io(bdi);
+ if (!list_empty(&bdi->work_list))
+ queue_work(bdi_wq, work);
}

- return 0;
+ if (wb_has_dirty_io(wb) && dirty_writeback_interval)
+ bdi_delayed_writeback(bdi);
+
+ current->flags &= ~(PF_FLUSHER | PF_SWAPWRITE);
}

/*
@@ -526,20 +409,6 @@ int bdi_register(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, struct device *parent,

bdi->dev = dev;

- /*
- * Just start the forker thread for our default backing_dev_info,
- * and add other bdi's to the list. They will get a thread created
- * on-demand when they need it.
- */
- if (bdi_cap_flush_forker(bdi)) {
- struct bdi_writeback *wb = &bdi->wb;
-
- wb->task = kthread_run(bdi_forker_thread, wb, "bdi-%s",
- dev_name(dev));
- if (IS_ERR(wb->task))
- return PTR_ERR(wb->task);
- }
-
bdi_debug_register(bdi, dev_name(dev));
set_bit(BDI_registered, &bdi->state);

@@ -563,30 +432,25 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(bdi_register_dev);
*/
static void bdi_wb_shutdown(struct backing_dev_info *bdi)
{
+ unsigned int saved_flags = current->flags & (PF_FLUSHER | PF_SWAPWRITE);
+
if (!bdi_cap_writeback_dirty(bdi))
return;

/*
- * Make sure nobody finds us on the bdi_list anymore
+ * Make sure nobody finds us on the bdi_list anymore and
+ * writeback work isn't running.
*/
bdi_remove_from_list(bdi);
+ cancel_work_sync(&bdi->wb.work);

- /*
- * If setup is pending, wait for that to complete first
- */
- wait_on_bit(&bdi->state, BDI_pending, bdi_sched_wait,
- TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE);
+ /* Flush any work that raced with shutdown */
+ current->flags |= PF_FLUSHER | PF_SWAPWRITE;

- /*
- * Finally, kill the kernel thread. We don't need to be RCU
- * safe anymore, since the bdi is gone from visibility. Force
- * unfreeze of the thread before calling kthread_stop(), otherwise
- * it would never exet if it is currently stuck in the refrigerator.
- */
- if (bdi->wb.task) {
- thaw_process(bdi->wb.task);
- kthread_stop(bdi->wb.task);
- }
+ wb_do_writeback(&bdi->wb, 1);
+
+ current->flags &= ~(PF_FLUSHER | PF_SWAPWRITE);
+ current->flags |= saved_flags;
}

/*
@@ -609,10 +473,9 @@ void bdi_unregister(struct backing_dev_info *bdi)
if (bdi->dev) {
trace_writeback_bdi_unregister(bdi);
bdi_prune_sb(bdi);
- del_timer_sync(&bdi->wb.wakeup_timer);
+ del_timer_sync(&bdi->wb.timer);

- if (!bdi_cap_flush_forker(bdi))
- bdi_wb_shutdown(bdi);
+ bdi_wb_shutdown(bdi);
bdi_debug_unregister(bdi);
device_unregister(bdi->dev);
bdi->dev = NULL;
@@ -629,7 +492,13 @@ static void bdi_wb_init(struct bdi_writeback *wb, struct backing_dev_info *bdi)
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&wb->b_dirty);
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&wb->b_io);
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&wb->b_more_io);
- setup_timer(&wb->wakeup_timer, wakeup_timer_fn, (unsigned long)bdi);
+ /*
+ * work and separate timer are used instead of delayed_work
+ * because mixing immediate and delayed queueing doesn't work
+ * too well with delayed_work.
+ */
+ INIT_WORK(&wb->work, bdi_work_fn);
+ setup_timer(&wb->timer, bdi_timer_fn, (unsigned long)bdi);
}

int bdi_init(struct backing_dev_info *bdi)
--
1.7.1


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